From migration to Mandelson: Keir Starmer’s successes and failures in No 10

Where did it go wrong for the outgoing prime minister? And how much – if at all – did it threaten to go right?

Keir Starmer pitched himself as a leader for “stability and moderation” who would rebuild Britain, after Labour’s landslide victory in the 2024 general election.

But after two years which have seen unforced errors, economic headwinds, scandals and, most recently, a disastrous set of devolved, mayoral and local election results the UK is set to have its sixth prime minister in seven years.

With the era of Starmer over, what are the major policy successes – and failures – of his time in office?

Success: boosts for ‘working people’

Labour’s employment rights bill was hailed by Starmer as “the biggest upgrade to workers’ rights in a generation” when it came into law in December. While Labour backed down from its plan to give all workers the right to claim unfair dismissal from their first day in a job, the bill paved the way for significant new rights for workers on sick pay, parental leave and zero-hours contracts.

Paul Nowak, the general secretary of the TUC, said the move was “historic” and gave workers “vital rights”, while the Conservatives and business groups said it would be costly to businesses and could lead to a hiring reticence.

One of the biggest moves made by this government – and one that has gone almost under the radar – is that from April this year, millions of low-paid workers in the UK got a 4.1% pay rise , when Starmer’s government increased the national living wage from £12.21 to £12.71 an hour for over-21s, increasing the earnings of about 2.4 million workers by £900 a year.

Plenty of workers are also renters, and Starmerites would point to the Renters’ Rights Act as a significant boost for the almost two-fifths of households in England who rent privately or socially. As a result of the act, landlords need a legal reason to evict tenants, tenancies are no longer fixed-term, and landlords have to follow a formal process to evict tenants.

Success: Starmer the international statesman

Starmer has often seemed at his most comfortable on the international stage. After spending much of his early period in power courting Donald Trump, he boasted last May that the UK had secured a “breakthrough” trade deal slashing some tariffs on cars, aluminium and steel and saving thousands of British jobs.

That deal has looked shaky in recent months as Trump has belittled and berated Starmer for not supporting initial US-Israel strikes on Iran, but that decision seemed in keeping with the wishes of much of the electorate, and allowed Starmer to criticise the more gung-ho approach of his rivals .

On Ukraine, Starmer was steadfast and s ought to join the EU’s £78bn recovery loan scheme for the country. On Europe in general, he sought closer relations, becoming increasingly vocal about his desire for a “Brexit-reset”.

He said that leaving the EU was “damaging” and insisted ““Britain must be at the heart of a stronger Europe on defence, on security, on energy, and on our economy.” The next EU-UK summit this summer was expected to be a key moment in his premiership, as were plans in a new EU-UK reset bill for powers to allow the UK to adopt EU single market rules without a normal parliamentary vote.

Success: the children are our future

Starmer trumpeted the government’s decision to scrap the two-child benefit cap in March, saying he was “really proud” to lift “half a million children out of poverty” – though critics would likely point out this came after sustained pressure from Labour MPs who pushed the prime minister into a U-turn .

His government also announced the opening of 1,000 new Best Start family hubs in England, and fully rolled out the Conservative policy of 30 hours of free, government-funded childcare per week for eligible working parents of children between nine months and school age, saving families roughly £7,500–£8,000 a year per child.

It has also started a national rollout of free breakfast clubs for all primary school pupils , which Starmer called “a lifeline for parents” and an investment “in the next generation to give them the best start in life”. Ministers have also launched a supervised tooth-brushing scheme for three-to-five-year-olds and has promised to create 100,000 extra dental appointments for children .

Starmer has also – via his education secretary, Briget Phillipson – grasped the nettle of a crisis in special educational needs and disabilities (Send). A schools white paper was given a cautious welcome by education leaders and Labour MPs, after a lobbying blitz described as a “masterclass” in working with backbenchers (unlike failed welfare changes ).

Success: immigration

In May last year, Starmer promised that new immigration measures would mean net migration would fall “significantly” over the next four years. And so far it has – though there has been little focus from the government on this point. Over the last 12 months, according to this BBC tracker, net migration is 48% down , asylum claims are down 12% and small boat arrivals are down 41%.

This could bring its own problems, of course. This year, net migration could fall below zero for the first time since 1993 , with the National Institute of Economic and Social Research warning this would knock 3.6% off the UK’s annual national income by 2040 .

Success: the economy

Whether Starmer can hail the economy’s performance as a triumph of his two years as prime minister is a moot point (see below). But borrowing costs hit a three-year low in April, before the effects of the Iran war and recent political chaos (which saw yields on 30-year government bonds soar to their highest since May 1998 ) began to take hold. And at the start of the year inflation had fallen and a further cut in interest rates was expected.

The government also launched a £7.3bn national wealth fund designed to unlock billions in private investment for UK infrastructure and green industry.

Starmer’s chancellor, Rachel Reeves, also changed the fiscal rules to unlock £113bn of new capital investment for infrastructure , which will fund the likes of building the new Sizewell C nuclear power station and East West Rail, as well as houses, schools and prisons.

Failure: the bleak midwinter

One of Reeves’s first decisions as chancellor was to strip winter fuel allowance from the vast majority of pensioners – a call that went down as well a bag of Hantavirus with voters and Labour backbenchers.

As the centrepiece of Reeves’ tough-talking July statement, it was designed to demonstrate that the government was ready to take unpopular decisions. And the chancellor and her prime minister stuck with the unpopular decision for months.

It U-turned only after heavy losses in local elections last May , when the party lost two-thirds of the council seats it was defending. A year on, Labour MPs said, it was still being brought up on the doorstep during campaigning.

Failure: welfare policy

In March last year, Liz Kendall, the work and pensions secretary, unveiled controversial changes to the benefits system that she said would get more people into work and save £5bn by reducing disability payments. But opposition from Labour backbenchers was instant, and grew by the day. It was messy and bitter, and by July the government had again U-turned, and the prime minister had been badly damaged .

Failure: the economy

Labour’s 2024 manifesto promised not to increase national insurance (NI), VAT or the basic, higher, or additional rates of income tax. But, in her first budget, Reeves raised the employers’ rate of NI in an attempt to raise £24bn to fill a budgetary black hole. She claimed this was not a tax on working people, but the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) said it could result in job losses and lower growth.

Starmer and Reeves both said growth was the government’s top priority, but in 2025, the OBR also cut its prediction for how much the UK’s economy would swell in 2026 from 1.4% to to 1.1%. In April, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) said it expected the Iran conflict to hit Britain harder than any other advanced economy , and cut its estimate for UK growth in 2026 from 1.3% to to 0.8%.

Failure: U-turns

Every prime minister makes U-turns, but by the start of this year Starmer had gained a reputation as the master. As well as about-turns on benefit cuts and winter fuel payments, he also backed down on proposed hikes in inheritance tax for farmers , increasing the threshold for taxing inherited farmland from a planned £1m to £2.5m.

Having promised to restore global aid funding to 0.7% of gross national income “as soon as fiscal circumstances allow”, he instead cut development budgets even further to pump more money into defence. This took British aid spending to its lowest level in history .

And, having said there would not be a national inquiry into grooming gangs , Starmer then appointed Louise Casey to lead an “audit” into how wide the problem was – a decision that paved the way for the launch of just such an inquiry.

Starmer’s government also abandoned plans to delay local elections for 30 councils in England, after officials decided they were likely to lose a legal challenge brought by Nigel Farage, the leader of Reform UK.