Scientists hope to shed light on young universe by using dark side of the moon

UK team seeking to put suitcase-sized satellite in orbit around moon in search for 21cm line radio frequency signal

Little is known about what was happening shortly after the big bang, but now researchers are hoping to shed fresh light on the matter by harnessing the dark side of the moon.

Scientists are hoping to put a suitcase-sized satellite into orbit around the moon, using the data it collects as it passes the far side to search for a radio frequency signal emitted by neutral hydrogen atoms in the early universe.

More specifically, the satellite, nicknamed CosmoCube, will be looking for what is known as the 21cm line. Crucially, the older the signal, the more its wavelength has been stretched, or redshifted, to longer wavelengths, providing a way for its strength to be tracked over time relative to the cosmic microwave background radiation.

“The main thing we track by looking at this signal is what’s the physical temperature of the gas during the early universe,” said Prof Eloy de Lera Acedo, the lead author from the University of Cambridge’s Cavendish Laboratory.

With the 21cm signal acting a bit like a thermometer, the team are hoping to study events from the start of the so-called “dark ages”, about 380,000 years after the big bang, through the cosmic dawn, when the first stars and galaxies emerged, to the end of what is known as the epoch of reionization, approximately 1bn years after the big bang.

“The temperature of the gas is affected by the things happening in the universe at the time,” said de Lera Acedo. In addition he noted the amplitude and shape of the 21cm signal was expected to be influenced by dark matter, offering a way for experts to investigate the nature of this mysterious component of the universe.

Researchers have attempted to detect the 21cm line before. However, it is difficult to do using Earth-based instruments. Not only is the signal very weak but human-made technology – from FM radios to plane communication – can cause interference. Writing in the journal Nature Astronomy , de Lera Acedo and colleagues said other challenges iincluded disturbances created by the Earth’s ionosphere.

While experts at the EDGES (Experiment to Detect the Global EoR Signature) radio telescope in Australia have claimed to have found the 21cm line, questions have been raised over the results.

The team behind the CosmoCube mission, which is expected to last two years, said taking observations from the far side of the moon should avoid many of the challenges faced by Earth-based instruments.

“The total cost is estimated to be just under £50m and the launching date – we expect it to be about five years from now,” said de Lera Acedo, adding that CosmoCube has already been granted more than £2m of funding by the UK Space Agency.

Phil Bull, a professor of cosmology at the Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics who is not involved in the project, welcomed the mission.

“The CosmoCube measurements will help us understand the major ingredients of our cosmic origins – the processes that led to the formation of the first stars and galaxies, and lit up the Universe after a period called the cosmic dark ages,” he said.

But, Bull noted CosmoCube was not the only mission trying to make these measurements, and others might get there first.

“More ominously, other planned lunar missions might bring with them exactly the type of human-generated radio noise that the mission is trying to escape,” he said, “making this a race against time.”

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